![]() ![]() Clim Dyn 28:181–197īutler AH, Polvani LM, Deser C (2014) Separating the stratospheric and tropospheric pathways of El Niño–Southern Oscillation teleconnections. īrönnimann S, Xoplaki E, Casty C, Pauling A, Luterbacher J (2007b) ENSO influence on Europe during the last centuries. ![]() Mon Wea Rev 97:163–172īrönnimann S (2007a) Impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on European climate. J Clim 22:4083–4096ījerknes J (1969) Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. īell CJ, Gray LJ, Charlton-Perez AJ, Joshi MM (2009) Stratospheric communication of El Niño teleconnections to European winter. ![]() J Clim 15:2205–2231Īshok K, Behera SK, Rao SA, Weng HY, Yamagata T (2007) El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection. This ENSO/NAO relationship has important implications for NAO seasonal prediction and places a higher requirement on models in reproducing the full diversity of ENSO.Īlexander MA, Bladé I, Newman M, Lanzante JR, Lau NC, Scott JD (2002) The atmospheric bridge: the influence of ENSO teleconnections on air–sea interaction over the global oceans. Here only sufficiently high positive SST anomalies during EP El Niño events are able to overcome the SST threshold for deep convection, while hardly any anomalous convection is associated with EP La Niña SSTs that are below this threshold. In contrast, the EP ENSO SST anomalies are located in an area of relatively low climatological SSTs in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The local atmospheric response to the CP ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is highly linear since the air-sea action center is located within the Pacific warm pool, characterized by relatively high climatological SSTs. These contrasting extra-tropical atmospheric responses are mainly attributed to nonlinear air-sea interactions in the tropical eastern Pacific. Thus, the NAO responses for the CP ENSO are mostly linear, while nonlinear NAO responses dominate for the EP ENSO. However, for two different types of La Niña the NAO response is almost opposite. In general, both eastern (EP) and central Pacific (CP) El Niño events tend to be accompanied by a negative NAO-like atmospheric response. One critical contribution to this ambiguous ENSO/NAO relationship originates from ENSO’s diversity in its spatial structure. Observations indicate that ENSO exhibits a highly complex relationship with the NAO-associated atmospheric circulation. While significant improvements have been made in understanding how the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts both North American and Asian climate, its relationship with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) remains less clear. ![]()
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